![]() ![]() ACE genotype influences bradykinin levels, and a common gene variant in the bradykinin 2 receptor exists. The angiotensin type-1 receptor has two functional polymorphisms that have not been shown to be associated with performance, although studies of hypoxic ascent have yielded conflicting results. Studies of growth hormone gene variants have not shown significant associations with performance in studies involving both triathletes and military recruits. In theory, associations with ACE genotype may be due to functional variants in nearby loci, and/or related genetic polymorphism such as the angiotensin receptor, growth hormone and bradykinin genes. Exceptions to these associations do exist, and are discussed. Meanwhile, the D allele is associated with strength- and power-orientated performance, and has been found in significant excess among elite swimmers. ![]() The I allele has been consistently demonstrated to be associated with endurance-orientated events, notably, in triathlons. The ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism has been associated with improvements in performance and exercise duration in a variety of populations. Functional genetic polymorphic variants have been identified for most components of RAS, of which the best known and studied is a polymorphism of the ACE gene. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists not just as an endocrine regulator, but also within local tissue and cells, where it serves a variety of functions. Some 12 years ago, a polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme ( ACE) gene became the first genetic element shown to impact substantially on human physical performance. Puthucheary, Zudin Skipworth, James R A Rawal, Jai Loosemore, Mike Van Someren, Ken Montgomery, Hugh E The ACE gene and human performance: 12 years on. ![]()
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